IB Psychology - Pamoja Teacher Articles
  • Introduction
  • General psychology resources
    • Links to psychology resources
    • Resources from the American Psychological Association
    • Outstanding IB psychology blogs you need to know about
    • TED Talks: Psychology playlist
    • Brain Pickings: Outstanding Psychology Blog
  • General articles
    • Education and technology
    • Mindfulness and performance
    • Malala Yousafzai
    • Effective study techniques in Psychology
    • The need for personal space
    • The IB Psychology Subject Report – May 2019
    • A learning mindset
    • Gender considerations
    • Effective Online Group Work
    • Tips for Effective Notetaking
    • If it weren’t for the last minute, I would never get anything done
    • How focused are you?
    • Quiet: The power of introverts
    • Psychology and cinematography
    • To what extent are we shaped by unconscious biological processes?
  • Approaches to research
    • What does Approaches to Research mean?
    • Thinking critically about research design and methodologies
    • The research and null hypothesis
    • Learning about psychological research
    • Original reports of research studies
  • Biological approach
    • Brain and behaviour
      • Serotonin and reactions to unfairness
      • What happens to the brain when you fall in love?
      • Research study investigating ketanserin
      • Localisation of function – Relevant research studies
      • Techniques to study the brain
      • Techniques used to study the brain in relation to behaviour
      • Brain imaging technology
      • Oliver Sacks
      • HM’s brain
      • Agonists and antagonists
      • A focused look at two possible biological approach SAQs: Agonists and antagonists
      • The teenage brain
      • Neural pruning and the adolescent brain
      • Neuroplasticity
      • Neuroplasticity and poverty
      • Key study of neuroplasticity: Brain damage and language (Tierney et al. 2001)
    • Fear and Loathing: An Evolutionary Explanation
    • Hormones and Pheromones
      • Relevant research studies
    • Genetics and behaviour
      • An explanation of concordance rate
      • Do your genes determine your entire life?
      • Evolutionary explanations of jealousy
      • For those of you who like Biology: Some behavioural genetics
      • Epigenetics
      • Your mood swings may give you an evolutionary advantage
      • Disgust and evolutionary psychology
      • Fear and loathing: An evolutionary explanation
      • Economising research studies: Caspi et al. (2003)
      • Examining the outcomes and implications of genetic research – gene editing
      • Relevant research studies
    • The role of animal research
      • How ethical is animal research?
  • Cognitive approach
    • Cognitive processing
      • In two minds? The dual processing model
      • The Serial Position Effect – A Classic Study of Memory
      • The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and leisure activity choices
      • Relevant research studies
    • Reliability of cognitive processes
      • Reliability of Cognitive Processes and Biases: Illusory Correlations
      • The reliability of cognitive processes: additional information on Loftus and Palmer (1974)
      • The reliability of eyewitness testimony
      • How accurate are Flashbulb memories of dramatic events?
      • False memories – false claims made?
      • The Memory Wars Revisited
      • The malleability and reliability of eyewitness testimony
      • Misconceptions about the reliability of memory
      • Illusory correlations
      • Relevant research studies
    • Emotion and cognition
    • Cognitive processing in a technological world
      • Cognitive impacts of social media and digital devices
      • The influence of modern digital technologies on cognitive processes
      • The accuracy of eye witness testimony
      • Our relationship with technology
  • Sociocultural approach
    • The individual and the group
      • Social identity theory and discrimination
      • Tajfel and social identity theory
      • Howarth (2002) and an Historical Perspective
      • Social cognitive theory: Bandura and the Bobo doll
      • In and out-groups
      • Bandura et al. (1961): Transmission of Aggression Through Imitation of Aggressive Models
    • Cultural origins of behaviour and cognition
      • The significance of different cultural groups
    • Cultural influences
      • A model of Acculturation: Berry (2005)
      • Does individualism bring happiness?
      • 10 minutes with Geert Hofstede
    • The influence of globalization
      • Does Globalization Influence Cooperative Behaviour to solve Global Issues?
      • The Influence of Globalization
      • Globalisation and intercultural competence
  • Fitting In: Assimilation, Integration and Acculturation
  • Abnormal psychology
    • Factors influencing diagnosis
      • On “Being sane in insane places”
      • Szasz and the myth of mental illness
    • Etiology of abnormal behaviour
      • What is depression?
      • Depression and social isolation
    • Treatment of disorders
      • Treatment of Depression – Key Studies
      • CBT and the treatment of depression
  • Psychology of human relationships
    • Personal relationships
      • Why we love
    • Group dynamics
    • Social responsibility
      • Situational factors and human behaviour – the bystander effect
      • Kitty Genovese and the Bystander Effect
      • The Bystander Effect challenged
      • Reciprocal altruism
  • Internal assessment
    • IA Statistics…where do I start?
    • Writing the introduction and the exploration sections
    • Writing the analysis and evaluation sections
    • Common errors and omissions
    • IB Psychology subject report May 2019: The internal assessment
    • Suitable studies to investigate psychological theories and models
    • What are “True” experiments in Psychology?
    • How can Psychology help us in our everyday lives?
    • Using reputable websites in your IA
  • External assessment
    • Psychology external assessments: A guide for IBDP students
    • FAQs on IB Psychology external assessment
    • Responding to the “describe” command term
    • Responding to the “explain” command term
    • Why is an argument so important in writing an essay in IB Psychology?
    • How to approach SAQ writing: An example
    • Unpacking an ERQ
    • Writing a conclusion for your response to an ERQ
    • Unpacking Extended Response Questions: Criterion A – Focus on the Question
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  1. Approaches to research

The research and null hypothesis

PreviousThinking critically about research design and methodologiesNextLearning about psychological research

Last updated 4 years ago

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An important element of your IA is stating and operationalising the IV and the DV in the null and research hypothesis.

The research hypothesis is a prediction of the relationship between these variables. It is NOT a conclusion about what has already been found, but a prediction of what will be found when the experiment is conducted. So, a hypothesis should be framed in the future tense, not the present or past.

The best way to understand this is to look at an example with which you are all familiar: the Loftus and Palmer experiment on the effect of post-event information on memory. The conclusion to this study is clearly stated in : These results are consistent with the view that the questions asked subsequent to an event can cause a reconstruction in one’s memory of that event. But what was the actual hypothesis being tested in this experiment? What were the IV and DV? The research hypothesis must explicitly mention which variables are actually being tested. So, a statement like: The specific questions asked about the car accident changed the eyewitness’s memory of the event is not a research hypothesis. Neither the IV (the changed verb) nor the DV (estimate of speed) has been identified, so no specific prediction about their relationship has been attempted.

It is important to remember that the purpose of an experiment is to identify a cause-effect relationship between variables. The IV must be manipulated, and the DV must be measurable. In the hypothesis, both the manipulated and the measured variable must be clearly identified and operationalised. In Loftus and Palmer, the 5 conditions of the verb are the IV; the DV is the estimate of speed in mph. So, the research hypothesis could take two forms. In a 2-tailed hypothesis: The changed verb will result in a change in speed estimate; in a 1-tailed hypothesis: The more emphatic the verb, the higher will be the speed estimate. Note that both forms are in the future tense: They are predictions, not conclusions!

A sound understanding of the research hypothesis should make the nature of the null hypothesis obvious. The null hypothesis is a statement that there will be no effect of manipulating the independent variable, and that any observed difference will be the result of chance… It must still be framed in terms of the operationalized variables (like the research hypothesis, the null hypothesis must identify the IV and DV in an operationalized form), and should still be in the future tense.

When the experiment has been conducted, and the inferential statistic applied to the data, the null hypothesis can be either retained (accepted) or refuted (rejected).

This post was inspired by Stuart Cipinko.

the Abstract