2. Resource management and sustainable production
2. Resource management and sustainable production
2.1 Resources and reserves
Renewable and non-renewable resources
Reserves
Renewability
2.2 Waste mitigation strategies
Re-use
Recycle
Repair
Recondition
Re-engineer
Pollution/waste
Methodologies for waste reduction and designing out waste
Dematerialization
Product recovery strategies at end of life/disposal
Circular economy—the use of waste as a resource within a closed loop system
2.3 Energy utilization, storage and distribution
Embodied energy
Distributing energy: national and international grid systems
Local combined heat and power (CHP)
Systems for individual energy generation
Quantification and mitigation of carbon emissions
Batteries, capacitors and capacities considering relative cost, efficiency, environmental impact and reliability
2.4 Clean technology
Drivers for cleaning up manufacturing: promoting positive impacts; ensuring neutral impact or minimizing negative impacts through conserving natural resources; reducing pollution and use of energy; reducing wastage of energy and resources
International legislation and targets for reducing pollution and waste
End-of-pipe technologies
Incremental and radical solutions
System level solutions
2.5 Green design
Strategies for green design (incremental and radical)
Green legislation
Timescale to implement green design
Drivers for green design (consumer pressure and legislation)
Design objectives for green products
Strategies for designing green products
The prevention principle
The precautionary principle
2.6 Eco-design
Timescale for implementing eco-design
The “cradle to grave” and “cradle to cradle” philosophy
Life cycle analysis (LCA)
LCA stages: pre-production; production; distribution including packaging; utilization and disposal
Environmental considerations
Environmental impact assessment matrix
Product life cycle stages: the role of the designer, manufacturer and user
The major considerations of the United Nations Environmental Programme Manual on Eco-design
“Design for the environment” software
Converging technologies
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