4. Final production
4. Final production
4.1 Properties of materials
Physical properties: mass, weight, volume, density, electrical resistivity, thermal conductivity, thermal expansion and hardness
Mechanical properties: tensile and compressive strength, stiffness, toughness, ductility, elasticity, plasticity, Young’s modulus, stress and strain
Aesthetic characteristics: taste, smell, appearance and texture
Properties of smart materials: piezoelectricity, shape memory, photochromicity, magneto-rheostatic, electro-rheostatic and thermoelectricity
4.2a Metals and metallic alloys
Extracting metal from ore
Grain size
Modifying physical properties by alloying, work hardening and tempering
Design criteria for super alloys
Recovery and disposal of metals and metallic alloys
4.2b Timber
Characteristics of natural timber: hardwood and softwood
Characteristics of man-made timbers
Treating and finishing timbers
Recovery and disposal of timbers
4.2c Glass
Characteristics of glass
Applications of glass
Recovery and disposal of glass
4.2d Plastics
Raw materials for plastics
Structure of thermoplastics
Structure of thermosetting plastics
Temperature and recycling thermoplastics
Recovery and disposal of plastics
4.2e Textiles
Raw materials for textiles
Properties of natural fibres
Properties of synthetic fibres
Conversion of fibres to yarns
Conversion of yarns into fabrics: weaving, knitting, lacemaking, and felting
Recovery and disposal of textiles
4.2f Composites
Form: fibres/sheet/particles and matrix
Process: weaving, moulding, pultrusion and lamination
Composition and structure of composites: concrete, engineered wood, plywood, particleboard, fibreglass, Kevlar®, carbon-reinforced plastic, laminated veneer lumber (LVL)
4.3 Scales of production
One-off, batch production and continuous flow
Mass customization
4.4 Manufacturing processes
Additive techniques: paper-based rapid prototyping, laminated object manufacture (LOM), stereolithography
Wasting/subtractive techniques: cutting, machining, turning and abrading
Shaping techniques: moulding, thermoforming, laminating, casting, knitting, weaving
Joining techniques: permanent and temporary, fastening, adhering, fusing
4.5 Production systems
Craft production
Mechanized production
Automated production
Assembly line production
Mass production
Mass customization
Computer numerical control (CNC)
Production system selection criteria
Design for manufacture (DfM): design for materials, design for process, design for assembly, design for disassembly
Adapting designs for DfM
4.6 Robots in automated production
Primary characteristics of robots: work envelope and load capacity
Single-task robots
Multi-task robots
Teams of robots
Machine to machine (M2M)
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