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  • Welcome to the CP Subject Centre
  • Faria Education Group
  • Core
    • Service Learning
    • Language Development
    • Reflective Project
    • Personal and Professional Skills
  • Career-related Study
  • Studies in language and literature
    • Language and Literature
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Area of Exploration - Readers, Writers and Texts
        • Area of Exploration - Time and Space
        • Area of Exploration - Intertextuality: Connecting Texts
        • Development of Linguistic Skills
        • Conceptual Understanding
        • Non-Literary Texts
      • Assessment
    • Literature
      • Aims and Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Areas of Exploration
        • Development of Linguistic Skills
        • Conceptual Understanding
      • Assessment
    • Classical Languages (Last Assessment 2023)
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Part 1: Study of Language
        • Part 2: Study of Literature
        • Part 3: Individual study
      • Assessment
    • Classical Languages (First Assessment 2024)
    • Literature and Performance (First Assessment 2024)
  • Language acquisition
    • Language Ab Initio
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Identities
        • Experiences
        • Human Ingenuity
        • Social Organization
        • Sharing the Planet
        • Texts
      • Assessment
    • Language B
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Identities
        • Experiences
        • Human Ingenuitiy
        • Social Organization
        • Sharing the Planet
        • Texts
      • Assessment
  • Individuals and societies
    • Business Management (Last Assessment 2023)
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Unit 1: Business Organization and Environment
        • Unit 2: Human Resource Management
        • Unit 3: Finance and Accounts
        • Unit 4: Marketing
        • Unit 5: Operations Management
      • Assessment
    • Business Management (First Assessment 2024)
    • Digital Society
    • Economics
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Unit 1: Introduction to Economics
        • Unit 2: Microeconomics
          • Real-world issue 1
          • Real-world issue 2
        • Unit 3: Macroeconomics
          • Real-world issue 1
          • Real-world issue 2
        • Unit 4: The Global Economy
          • Real-world issue 1
          • Real-world issue 2
      • Assessment
    • Geography
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Part one: Geographic themes (SL and HL options)
          • Option A: Freshwater
          • Option B: Oceans and coastal margins
          • Option C: Extreme environments
          • Option D: Geophysical hazards
          • Option E: Leisure, tourism and sport
          • Option F: Food and health
          • Option G: Urban environments
        • Part two: Geographic perspectives - global change (SL and HL core)
          • Unit 1: Changing population
          • Unit 2: Global climate - vulnerability and resilience
          • Unit 3: Global resource consumption and security
        • Part two: Geographic perspectives - global change (HL core extension)
          • Unit 4: Power, places and networks
          • Unit 5: Human development and diversity
          • Unit 6: Global risks and resilience
      • Assessment
    • Global Politics
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Engagement Activity
        • Core
        • Additional Higher Level
      • Assessment
    • History
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Prescribed Subjects
        • World History Topics
        • HL Options: Depth Studies - History of Africa and the Middle East
        • HL Options: Depth Studies - History of the Americas
        • HL Options: Depth Studies - History of Asia and Oceania
        • HL Options: Depth Studies - History of Europe
      • Assessment
    • Information Technology in a Global Society
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Strand 1: Social and Ethical Significance
        • Strand 2: Application to Specific Scenarios
        • Strand 3: IT Systems
        • The Project (practical application of IT skills)
      • Assessment
    • Philosophy
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Prescribed Texts
        • Core
        • Additional Higher Level
        • Options
      • Assessment
    • Psychology
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Core
          • Biological approach to understanding behaviour
          • Cognitive approach to understanding behaviour
          • Sociocultural approach to understanding behaviour
          • Approaches to researching behaviour
        • Options
          • Abnormal psychology
          • Developmental psychology
          • Health psychology
          • Psychology of human relationships
      • Assessment
    • Social and Cultural Anthropology
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Part 1: Engaging with Anthropology
          • The language of anthropology
          • The practice of anthropology
          • Anthropological thinking
        • Part 2: Engaging with Ethnography
          • Group 1
          • Group 2
          • Group 3
        • Part 3: Engaging with Anthropological Practice
      • Assessment
    • World Religions
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Part 1: Introduction to World Religions
        • Part 2: In-depth Studies
        • Part 3: Internal Assessment
      • Assessment
  • Sciences
    • Biology (FA 2025)
    • Biology (LA 2024)
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Core
          • 1. Cell biology
          • 2. Molecular biology
          • 3. Genetics
          • 4. Ecology
          • 5. Evolution and biodiversity
          • 6. Human physiology
        • Additional Higher Level
          • 7. Nucleic acids
          • 8. Metabolism, cell respiration and photosynthesis
          • 9. Plant biology
          • 10. Genetics and evolution
          • 11. Animal physiology
        • Options
          • Option A: Neurobiology and behaviour
          • Option B: Biotechnology and bioinformatics
          • Option C: Ecology and conservation
          • Option D: Human physiology
      • Assessment
    • Chemistry (FA 2025)
    • Chemistry (LA 2024)
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Core
          • 1. Stoichiometric relationships
          • 2. Atomic structure
          • 3. Periodicity
          • 4. Chemical bonding and structure
          • 5. Energetics/thermochemistry
          • 6. Chemical kinetics
          • 7. Equilibrium
          • 8. Acids and bases
          • 9. Redox processes
          • 10. Organic chemistry
          • 11. Measurement and data processing
        • Additional Higher Level
          • 12. Atomic structure
          • 13. The periodic table - the transition metals
          • 14. Chemical bonding and structure
          • 15. Energetics/thermochemistry
          • 16. Chemical kinetics
          • 17. Equilibrium
          • 18. Acids and bases
          • 19. Redox processes
          • 20. Organic chemistry
          • 21. Measurement and analysis
        • Options
          • A. Materials
          • B. Biochemistry
          • C. Energy
          • D. Medicinal chemistry
      • Assessment
    • Computer Science (FA 2025)
    • Computer Science (LA 2024)
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Core
          • Topic 1 - System fundamentals
          • Topic 2 - Computer organization
          • Topic 3 - Networks
          • Topic 4 - Computational thinking, problem-solving and programming
        • Additional Higher Level
          • Topic 5 - Abstract data structures
          • Topic 6 - Resource management
          • Topic 7 - Control
        • Options
          • A - Databases
          • B - Modelling and simulation
          • C - Web science
          • D - Object-oriented programming
      • Assessment
    • Design Technology
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Core
          • 1. Human factors and ergonomics
          • 2. Resource management and sustainable production
          • 3. Modelling
          • 4. Final production
          • 5. Innovation and design
          • 6. Classic design
        • Additional Higher Level
          • 7. User-centred design (UCD)
          • 8. Sustainability
          • 9. Innovation and markets
          • 10. Commercial production
      • Assessment
    • Nature of Science
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Introduction
        • Part A - Concepts
        • Part B - The Quest for Understanding
        • Part C - The Impact of Science
        • Part D - Challenges and the Future
      • Assessment
    • Physics (FA 2025)
    • Physics (LA 2024)
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Core
          • 1. Measurements and uncertainties
          • 2. Mechanics
          • 3. Thermal physics
          • 4. Waves
          • 5. Electricity and magnetism
          • 6. Circular motion and gravitation
          • 7. Atomic, nuclear and particle physics
          • 8. Energy production
        • Additional Higher Level
          • 9. Wave phenomena
          • 10. Fields
          • 11. Electromagnetic induction
          • 12. Quantum and nuclear physics
        • Options
          • A. Relativity
          • B. Engineering physics
          • C. Imaging
          • D. Astrophysics
      • Assessment
    • Sports, Exercise and Health Science
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Core
          • Topic 1: Anatomy
          • Topic 2: Exercise physiology
          • Topic 3: Energy systems
          • Topic 4: Movement analysis
          • Topic 5: Skill in sports
          • Topic 6: Measurement and evaluation of human performance
        • Additional Higher Level
          • Topic 7: Further anatomy
          • Topic 8: The endocrine system
          • Topic 9: Fatigue
          • Topic 10: Friction and drag
          • Topic 11: Skill acquisition and analysis
          • Topic 12: Genetics and athletic performance
          • Topic 13: Exercise and immunity
        • Options
          • Option A: Optimizing physiological performance
          • Option B: Psychology of sports
          • Option C: Physical activity and health
          • Option D: Nutrition for sports, exercise and health
      • Assessment
  • Mathematics
    • Mathematics: analysis and approaches
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Topic 1: Numbers and Algebra
        • Topic 2: Functions
        • Topic 3: Geometry and Trigonometry
        • Topic 4: Statistics and Probability
        • Topic 5: Calculus
      • Assessment
    • Mathematics: applications and interpretation
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Topic 1: Number and Algebra
        • Topic 2: Functions
        • Topic 3: Geometry and Trigonometry
        • Topic 4: Statistics and Probability
        • Topic 5: Calculus
      • Assessment
  • The arts
    • Dance
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Composition and Analysis
        • World Dance Studies
        • Performance
      • Assessment
    • Film
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Reading Film
        • Contextualizing Film
        • Exploring Film Production Roles
        • Collaboratively Producing Film (HL only)
      • Assessment
    • Music
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Areas of Inquiry
        • Contexts
        • Musical Processes
        • Musical Roles
        • Exploring Music in Context
        • Experimenting with Music
        • Presenting Music
      • Assessment
    • Theatre (Last Assessment 2023)
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Theatre in Context
        • Theatre Processes
        • Presenting Theatre
      • Assessment
    • Theatre (First assessment 2024)
    • Visual Arts
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Visual Arts in Context
        • Visual Arts Methods
        • Communicating Visual Arts
        • The Visual Arts Journal
        • Art-making Forms
        • Research
      • Assessment
  • Interdisciplinary courses
    • Literature and Performance
      • Aims and Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Part 1: Critical Study of Texts
        • Part 2: Exploration of the Chose Approach to the Text
        • Part 3: Realization of Texts in Performance
        • Prescribed Literature in Translation
      • Assessment
    • Environmental Systems & Societies
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Topic 1: Foundations of environmental systems and societies
        • Topic 2: Ecosystems and ecology
        • Topic 3: Biodiversity and conservation
        • Topic 4: Water and aquatic food production systems and societies
        • Topic 5: Soil systems and terrestrial food production systems and societies
        • Topic 6: Atmospheric systems and societies
        • Topic 7: Climate change and energy production
        • Topic 8: Human systems and resource use
      • Assessment
  • School-based syllabuses
    • Art History
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Topic 1: The Art and Architecture of Ancient Greece
        • Topic 2: Rome - Republic and Empire
        • Topic 3: The Middle Ages
        • Topic 4: Romanesque and Gothic Art and Architecture
        • Topic 5: The Art of the Renaissance
        • Topic 6: The Baroque Age - Art and the Architecture of 17th-century Europe
        • Topic 7: The 'Age of Reason' to 'Romanticism'
        • Topic 8: Experiments in the 19th- and 20th-century Art
      • Assessment
    • Astronomy
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Topic 1: The Stars
        • Topic 2: The Planets
        • Topic 3: Galaxies
        • Topic 4: Cosmology
      • Assessment
    • Brazilian Social Studies
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Topic 1: The Construction of Brazilian Geographical Space
        • Topic 2: Brazil in the Globalization Era - Core Topic
        • Topic 3: The Demographic and Urban Dynamics of Contemporary Brazil
        • Topic 4: Environment and Society
        • Topic 5: From Discovery to the End of the Colonial Era (1500-1822)
        • Topic 6: The Monarchical Experience (1822-1889)
        • Topic 7: Early Republican Brazil (1889-1945) - Core Topic
        • Topic 8: Contemporary Brazil (1945 - )
      • Assessment
    • Classical Greek and Roman Studies
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Part A - Two Topics from the Following Four Options
        • Part B - Two Topics from the Following Four Options
      • Assessment
    • Food Science and Technology
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • 1. Nutrition
        • 2. Materials, Component and Their Application
        • 3. Food Quality and Safety
        • 4. Food Process Engineering
      • Assessment
    • Marine Science
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Core
          • Topic 1 Origin and Structure of Oceans
          • Topic 2 Dynamics of Earth's Crust
          • Topic 3 Patterns of Water Movement
          • Topic 4 Properties of Ocean Water
          • Topic 5 Life in Oceans
        • Options
          • A. Marine ecosystems and conservation
          • B. Atmosphere, ocean and climate
          • C. Geology of ocean basins
      • Assessment
    • Modern History of Kazakhstan
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Topic 1. Kazakhstan at the Beginning of the 20th Century
        • Topic 2. Kazakhstan During the Civil Confrontation (1917-1920)
        • Topic 3. The Formation of the Soviet Union and Kazakhstan (1920-1940)
        • Topic 4. The Great Patriotic War and Kazakhstan (1941-1945)
        • Topic 5. Kazakhstan and the Socialism (1946-1985)
        • Topic 6. Kazakhstan: from Perestroika to independence
      • Assessment
    • Political Thought
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Topic 1: Political Thinkers
        • Topic 2: Political Concepts
      • Assessment
    • Turkey in the 20th Century
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Turkey at the Beginning of the 20th Century
        • Topic 2: The Foundations of the Turkish Republic 1923-1945
        • Topic 3: The Global Changes Between the World Wars and Their Effect on Turkey 1918-1939
        • Topic 4: Turkey under pressure during World War II
        • Topic 5: Reconstruction, democracy and developments in the region 1945-1985
        • Topic 6: The Effects of Globalization and the Dialogue with Europe 1985-2000
      • Assessment
    • World Arts and Cultures
      • Aims & Objectives
      • Syllabus
        • Part 1: Prescribed Topics
        • Part 2: Intercultural Studies
        • Part 3: Regional Study
      • Assessment
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  • 4.1 Food processing methods
  • 4.2 Food processing: preservation by temperature control
  • 4.3 Food processing: preservation by dehydration and irradiation
  • 4.4 The effect of processing on colour
  • 4.5 The effect of food processing on flavour
  • 4.6 The effect of food processing on texture
  1. School-based syllabuses
  2. Food Science and Technology
  3. Syllabus

4. Food Process Engineering

4.1 Food processing methods

Nature of food science and technology:

  • Food processing is the transformation of raw ingredients, by physical or chemical means into food, or of food into other forms. Food processing can be primary or secondary to extend the shelf life and/or add value to a product. (1.10, 1.12, 2.2)

Understandings:

  • Primary, secondary and tertiary processing

  • Physical processing methods

  • Chemical processing methods

  • Traditional preservation processes

  • Fermentation

  • Adding value to food commodities

  • Ethical food production

Application and guidance:

  • Primary, secondary and tertiary processing e.g. cleaning and grading of the wheat, wheat milled into flour, flour made into bread.

  • Physical processing methods e.g. milling.

  • Chemical processing methods e.g. nitrates and nitrites in food preservation.

  • The use of salt, sugar, vinegar and smoking in the preservation of foods.

  • The positive and negative effects of micro-organisms and enzymes in the production of alcohol, cheeses, yoghurts, bread making and mycoproteins.

  • How food processing enhances the value of food commodities.

  • How foods are processed ethically e.g. fair-trade, organic and free range.

  • Sustainability and food security.

4.2 Food processing: preservation by temperature control

Nature of food science and technology:

  • The deterioration of food products can be slowed by processing foods at different temperatures to reduce the rate of microbial growth, thereby extending shelf life. (1.1, 1.9)

Understandings:

  • The principles of temperature control

  • Methods of heat processing

  • Methods of cold processing

Application and guidance:

  • Methods of heat processing: pasteurisation, sterilization, canning and aseptic canning.

  • Methods of chilling and freezing (horizontal plate freezing, blast freezing, fluidised bed freezing. Cryogenic freezing).

  • The advantages and disadvantages to the manufacturer and consumer of different heat and cold processing methods.

  • How organoleptic properties are changed during heat and cold processing.

4.3 Food processing: preservation by dehydration and irradiation

Nature of food science and technology:

  • The deterioration of food products can be slowed by processing foods by the removal or reduction in the water content and through irradiation to change the chemical structure, thereby extending shelf life. (1.1, 1.9)

Understandings:

  • The principles of dehydration

  • Methods of dehydration

  • The principles of irradiation

  • Advantages and disadvantages of food irradiation

  • Irradiation processes

Application and guidance:

  • How water activity impacts on dehydration of different foods.

  • Methods of dehydration (tunnel drying, roller drying, sun drying, warm air drying, spray drying, freeze drying).

  • The process of food irradiation, as an application of ionizing radiation to food.

  • The use of irradiated foods to reduce microbial spoilage, insect damage and inhibition of sprouting and ripening of fruits and vegetables.

  • Consumer reaction to the wholesomeness of irradiated foods.

  • How organoleptic properties are changed through dehydration and irradiation processing.

4.4 The effect of processing on colour

Nature of food science and technology:

  • When food is processed manufacturers may attempt: to minimise colour damage, restore colour or introduce new colour. This involves an understanding of both synthetic dyes and naturally occurring colours pigments (1.13, 2.1)

Understandings:

  • Naturally occurring pigments

  • Synthetic food dyes

  • Colour restoration

  • Colour and the impact of heat

  • Colour and the impact of pH

  • Colour and the impact of preservation processes

  • Consumer attitudes to food colours

  • Legislation controlling the use of food colours

Application and guidance:

  • How naturally occurring pigments give colour to food e.g. anthocyanins, carotenoids and chlorophyll.

  • How synthetic food dyes give colour to food e.g. tartrazine, quinoline and erythrosine.

  • Reasons for the use of natural food colours and synthetic food dyes to restore or introduce new colour to food products.

  • The effect of heat, acids, alkalis and other preservation techniques on anthocyanins, carotenoids, chlorophyll.

  • Consumer attitudes to the use of natural and synthetic food colours.

  • Why many countries have strict legislation to control the use of colours in food.

4.5 The effect of food processing on flavour

Nature of food science and technology:

  • Food processing can impact on flavour. An understanding of natural, nature identical and synthetic flavours is needed to maintain flavour uniformity and restore flavour lost through processing. (1.5, 2.1)

Understandings:

  • The five tastes

  • Natural flavours

  • Nature identical flavours

  • Synthetic flavours

  • Flavour and the impact of preservation processes

  • Advantages and disadvantages of flavours

  • Flavour enhancers/modifiers

Application and guidance:

  • The five main tastes: umami, salt, sweet, sour and bitter; other flavours are odours.

  • The sources and use of natural flavours e.g. spices, herbs, essential oils.

  • The sources and use of nature identical e.g. nature identical vanillin.

  • The sources and use of synthetic flavours e.g. strawberry flavour may contain 10 to 12 synthetic organic chemicals.

  • How preservation techniques impact on flavour.

  • The advantages and disadvantages of natural, nature identical and synthetic flavours.

  • The use of flavour enhancers such as MSG and ribonucleotides.

  • How the use of gas chromatography and spectrometry has contributed to the study of flavour and aroma.

4.6 The effect of food processing on texture

Nature of food science and technology:

  • During food processing texture can be modified by the use of thickeners, stabilisers and emulsifiers, and also by mechanical action and heating. (2.3, 2.5)

Understandings:

  • Colloidal systems: suspensions, emulsions, gels and foams

  • Thickening and gelling

  • Emulsifiers and stabilisers

  • Preservation techniques

  • Mechanical action to alter texture

Application and guidance:

  • Colloidal systems in food and how to distinguish between suspensions, emulsions and foams.

  • The use of maize and wheat as a traditional thickener, and pectin as a gelling agent in jam.

  • The types of starch modification (e.g. cross linking, acid modified, stabilisation, pre-gelatinised) and their impact on food processing.

  • The reasons for modifying starch, including thickening, stabilising, and improving mouthfeel.

  • The reasons for using gums include thickening and stabilising. Types of gums (e.g. Xanthan gum, alginates) and their impact on food processing.

  • The role of emulsifiers to form stable emulsions including lecithin and glyceryl monostearate (GMS); the role stabilisers absorbing large amounts of water.

  • How traditional preservation techniques have an impact on the texture of food.

  • How mechanical action is used to create foams and heat is used to create solid foams.

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